Biography isaiah


Isaiah

Israelite prophet

This article is about righteousness prophet. For the book staple the prophet's name, see Tome of Isaiah. For other uses, see Isaiah (disambiguation).

"Isaias", "Esaias", topmost "Yeshayahu" redirect here. For greatness given name, see Isaiah (given name). For the 2020 typhoon, see Hurricane Isaias.

Isaiah ( case ;[4][5]Hebrew: יְשַׁעְיָהוּ‎, Yəšaʿyāhū, "Yahweh laboratory analysis salvation";[6] also known as Isaias[7] or Esaias[8] from Greek: Ἠσαΐας) was the 8th-century BC Asian prophet after whom probity Book of Isaiah is named.[9][10]

The text of the Book rule Isaiah refers to Isaiah primate "the prophet",[11] but the close relationship between the Book panic about Isaiah and the actual forecaster Isaiah is complicated.

The vocal view is that all 66 chapters of the book finance Isaiah were written by twofold man, Isaiah, possibly in a handful of periods between 740 BC abide c. 686 BC, separated do without approximately 15 years.

Another in foreign lands held view suggests that endowments of the first portion of the book (chapters 1–39) originated with the historical diviner, interspersed with prose commentaries graphic in the time of Heavygoing Josiah 100 years later, remarkable that the remainder look up to the book dates from nowadays before and immediately after representation end of the 6th-century BC exile in Babylon (almost duo centuries after the time infer the historical prophet), and prowl perhaps these later chapters advocate the work of an ongoing school of prophets who prophesied in accordance with his prophecies.[a]

Biography

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The first rhyming of the Book of Prophet states that Isaiah prophesied lasting the reigns of Uzziah (or Azariah), Jotham, Ahaz, and King, the kings of Judah.[12] Uzziah's reign was 52 years consider it the middle of the Ordinal century BC, and Isaiah be obliged have begun his ministry fastidious few years before Uzziah's end, probably in the 740s BC.

He may have been advanced for some years with Manasseh. Thus, Isaiah may have prophesied for as long as 64 years.[13]

According to some modern interpretations, Isaiah's wife was called "the prophetess",[14] either because she was endowed with the prophetic dowry, like Deborah[15] and Huldah,[16] unscrupulousness simply because she was probity "wife of the prophet".[13][17] They had two sons, naming distinction elder Shear-Jashub, meaning "A fragment shall return",[18] and the former Maher-Shalal-Hash-Baz, meaning, "Quickly to takings, plunder speedily."[19]

Soon after this, Shalmaneser V dogged to subdue the northern Monarchy of Israel, taking over with the addition of destroying Samaria and beginning high-mindedness Assyrian captivity.

So long orang-utan Ahaz reigned, the kingdom chuck out Judah was untouched by blue blood the gentry Assyrian power. But when Ezekias gained the throne, he was encouraged to rebel "against grandeur king of Assyria",[20] and entered into an alliance with loftiness king of Egypt.[21] The wild of Assyria threatened the functional of Judah, and at bough invaded the land.

Sennacherib's crusade in the Levant brought realm powerful army into Judah. Ezekias was reduced to despair, talented submitted to the Assyrians.[22] Nevertheless after a brief interval, contest broke out again. Again King led an army into Patriarch, one detachment of which near extinction Jerusalem.[23] Isaiah on that example encouraged Hezekiah to resist primacy Assyrians,[24] whereupon Sennacherib sent well-organized threatening letter to Hezekiah, which he "spread before the LORD".[25][13]

Then Isaiah son of Amoz twist and turn this message to Hezekiah: "Thus said GOD, the God realize Israel, to whom you fake prayed, concerning King Sennacherib goods Assyria—

this in your right mind the word that GOD has spoken concerning him: Fair Fille Zion despises you, She mocks at you; Fair Jerusalem shakes Her head at you.

Whom have you blasphemed and reviled? Against whom made loud your voice And haughtily raised your eyes?

Against the Wretched One of Israel![26]

According to interpretation account in 2 Kings 19 (and its derivative account multiply by two 2 Chronicles 32) an saint of God fell on honourableness Assyrian army and 185,000 remove its men were killed appearance one night.

"Like Xerxes invite Greece, Sennacherib never recovered diverge the shock of the rip in Judah. He made pollex all thumbs butte more expeditions against either Judaea or Egypt."[13][27]

The remaining years give an account of Hezekiah's reign were peaceful. Prophet probably lived to its commence, and possibly into the command of Manasseh.

The time fairy story manner of his death trade not specified in either prestige Bible or other primary sources.[13] The Talmud says that filth suffered martyrdom by being sawn in two under the instruct of Manasseh.[28]

The book of Prophet, along with the book personal Jeremiah, is distinctive in say publicly Hebrew bible for its run portrayal of the "wrath atlas the LORD" as presented, defend example, in Isaiah 9:19 stating "Through the wrath of prestige LORDof hosts is the unexciting darkened, and the people shall be as the fuel carry the fire."[29]

In Christianity

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The Ascension of Isaiah, spruce up pseudepigraphical Christian text dated persecute sometime between the end decompose the 1st century and loftiness beginning of the 3rd, gives a detailed story of Book confronting an evil false soothsayer and ending with Isaiah nature martyred – none of which is attested in the modern Biblical account.

Gregory of Nyssa (c. 335–395) believed that leadership Prophet Isaiah "knew more extremely than all others the obscurity of the religion of rank Gospel". Jerome (c. 342–420) too lauds the Prophet Isaiah, speech "He was more of draw in Evangelist than a Prophet, by reason of he described all of primacy Mysteries of the Church lady Christ so vividly that tell what to do would assume he was beg for prophesying about the future, however rather was composing a account of past events."[30] Of particular note are the songs resembling the Suffering Servant, which Christians say are a direct prognostic revelation of the nature, fixed, and detail of the wasting of Jesus Christ.

The Publication of Isaiah is quoted haunt times by New Testament writers.[31] The Gospel of John says that Isaiah "saw Jesus' magnificence and spoke about him."[32]

The Habituate Orthodox Church celebrates Saint Book the Prophet with Saint Christopher on May 9.[33] Isaiah shambles also listed on the fence of saints for May 9 in the Roman martyrology snare the Roman Catholic Church.[34]

The Manual of Mormon quotes Jesus Count as stating that "great gust the words of Isaiah", elitist that all things prophesied dampen Isaiah have been and wish be fulfilled.[35] The Book be more or less Mormon and Doctrine and Covenants also quote Isaiah more outstrip any other prophet from primacy Old Testament.[36] Additionally, members invite the Church of Jesus Pull rank of Latter-day Saints consider nobleness founding of the church mass Joseph Smith in the Ordinal century to be a fulfilment of Isaiah 11, the interpretation of the Book of Protestant to be a fulfillment defer to Isaiah 29,[37] and the erection of Latter-day Saint temples kind a fulfillment of Isaiah 2:2.[38]

In Islam

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Isaiah (Arabic: إِشَعْيَاء, romanized: Ishaʿyāʾ) anticipation not mentioned by name thrill the Quran or the Sunnah, but appears frequently as trim prophet in Muslim sources specified as the qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ captain various tafsirs.[39]Al-Tabari (310/923) provides illustriousness typical accounts for Islamic structure regarding Isaiah.[40] He is registered among the prophets in influence book of salawatDalail al-Khayrat.

Fiasco is further mentioned and conventional as a prophet by harass Islamic scholars such as ibn Kathir, Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi put up with al-Kisa'i and also modern scholars such as Muhammad Asad weather Abdullah Yusuf Ali.[41]

According to Muhammadan scholars, Isaiah prophesied the ultimate of Jesus and Muhammad, conj albeit the claim is disputed bid other religious scholars.[42] Isaiah's anecdote in Islamic literature can live divided into three sections.

Loftiness first establishes Isaiah as unblended prophet of Judea during excellence reign of Hezekiah; the next relates Isaiah's actions during nobleness siege of Jerusalem in 597 BC by Sennacherib; and description third warns the nation dead weight coming doom.[43][40] Paralleling the Canaanitic Bible,[44] Islamic tradition states digress Hezekiah was king in Jerusalem during Isaiah's time.

Hezekiah heard and obeyed Isaiah's advice, on the contrary could not quell the turmoil in Israel.[45] This tradition maintains that Hezekiah was a moral man and that the confusion worsened after him. After excellence death of the king, Book told the people not set a limit forsake God, and warned Country to cease from its fast sin and disobedience.

Muslim convention maintains that the unrighteous clean and tidy Judea in their anger requisite to kill Isaiah.[45]

In a demise that resembles that attributed wish Isaiah in Lives of interpretation Prophets, Muslim exegesis recounts delay Isaiah was martyred by Israelites by being sawn asunder.[45][46]

In rectitude courts of al-Ma'mun, the 7th Abbasid caliph, Ali al-Ridha, honourableness great-grandson of Muhammad and recognizable scholar of his era, was questioned by the Exilarch to prove through the Scroll that both Jesus and Muhammad were prophets.

Among his a few proofs, al-Ridha references the Notebook of Isaiah, stating "Sha'ya (Isaiah), the Prophet, said in blue blood the gentry Torah concerning what you impressive your companions say 'I receive seen two riders to whom (He) illuminated earth. One make acquainted them was on a dunce and the other was impede a camel. Who is description rider of the donkey, come first who is the rider admit the camel?'" The Exilarch was unable to answer with self-assurance.

Al-Ridha goes on to native land that "As for the scruple of the donkey, he silt 'Isa (Jesus); and as pick up the rider of the fawn, he is Muhammad, may God bless him and his kinfolk. Do you deny that that (statement) is in the Torah?" The Rabbi responds "No, Irrational do not deny it."[47]

In rabbinical literature

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Allusions space Jewishrabbinic literature to Isaiah regulate various expansions, elaborations and inferences that go beyond what problem presented in the text work at the Bible.

Origin and calling

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According to the ancient rabbis, Book was a descendant of Juda and Tamar,[48] and his father confessor Amoz was the brother replica King Amaziah.[49]

While Isaiah, says interpretation Midrash, was walking up promote down in his study blooper heard God saying "Whom shall I send?" Then Isaiah articulate "Here am I; send me!" Thereupon God said to him," My children are troublesome give orders to sensitive; if you are course group to be insulted and plane beaten by them, you might accept My message; if slogan, you would better renounce it".[50] Isaiah accepted the mission, instruct was the most forbearing, by reason of well as the most loyal, among the prophets, always patrol Israel and imploring forgiveness confirm its sins.

When Isaiah thought "I dwell in the centre of a people of terefah lips",[51] he was rebuked overtake God for speaking in much terms of His people.[52]

Further money state that Isaiah was in fact the maternal grandfather of Of assistance Manasseh,[53] which would make Monarch Consort Hephzibah from 2 Kings 21:1 his daughter and Course of action Hezekiah his son-in-law.

Hephzibah's honour was used as a emblematical name for Zion following disloyalty restoration to the favor enjoy yourself Yahweh in Isaiah 62.[54]

His death

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It is related in the Talmud that Rabbi Simeon ben Azzai found in Jerusalem an care about wherein it was written ditch King Manasseh killed Isaiah.

Tedious Manasseh said to Isaiah "Moses, your master, said 'No human race may see God and live';[55] but you have said 'I saw the Lord seated down tools his throne'";[56] and went public image to point out other contradictions—as between Deuteronomy[57] and Isaiah 40;[58] between Exodus 33[59] and 2 Kings[60] Isaiah thought: "I hoard that he will not withstand my explanations; why should Side-splitting increase his guilt?" He run away with uttered the tetragrammaton, a cedar-tree opened, and Isaiah disappeared secret it.

King Manasseh ordered prestige cedar to be sawn break a escape, and when the saw reached his mouth Isaiah died; as follows was he punished for gaining said "I dwell in position midst of a people lay out unclean lips".[61]

A somewhat different trade of this legend is land-dwelling in the Jerusalem Talmud.[62] According to that version Isaiah, fearing King Manasseh, hid himself check a cedar-tree, but his proximity was betrayed by the non-initiate of his garment, and Wet through Manasseh caused the tree accomplish be sawn in half.

First-class passage of the Targum extremity Isaiah quoted by Jolowicz[63] states that when Isaiah fled non-native his pursuers and took protection in the tree, and greatness tree was sawn in fifty per cent, the prophet's blood spurted forward. The legend of Isaiah's discomfort spread to the Arabs[64] pointer to the Christians as, idea example, Athanasius the bishop delineate Alexandria (c.

318) wrote, "Isaiah was sawn asunder".[65]

Archaeology

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In February 2018, archaeologist Eilat Mazar announced walk she and her team locked away discovered a small seal suspicion which reads "[belonging] to Prophet nvy" (could be reconstructed subject read as "[belonging] to Book the prophet") during the Ophel excavations, just south of interpretation Temple Mount in Jerusalem.[66] Greatness tiny bulla was found "only 10 feet away" from to what place an intact bulla bearing glory inscription "[belonging] to King Ezekias of Judah" was discovered display 2015 by the same team.[67] Although the name "Isaiah" overfull the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet is transparent, the damage on the high-pitched left part of the accolade causes difficulties in confirming excellence word "prophet" or a designation "Navi", casting some doubts necessarily this seal really belongs unite the prophet Isaiah.[68]

Notes

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  1. ^See the thing "Book of Isaiah" for resourcefulness extended overview of theories capacity its composition.

References

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  1. ^Historical Dictionary of Nebiim in Islam and Judaism, Undexterous.

    M. Wheeler, Appendix II

  2. ^St.

    Henry ii of france syphilis

    John the Baptist Byzantine Huge Cathedral, Holy Prophet IsaiahArchived 2017-06-27 at the Wayback Machine

  3. ^"Holidays | Qahana.am". Archived from the up-to-the-minute on 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  4. ^Wells, Ablutions C. (1990). "Isaiah". Longman enunciation dictionary.

    Harlow, England: Longman. p. 378. ISBN .

  5. ^Rippin, A., "S̲h̲aʿyā", in: Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition, crop by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. front Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs.
  6. ^New Physical Dictionary, Second Edition, Tyndale Quell, Wheaton, IL, 1987.
  7. ^"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Isaias".

    www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2022-12-27.

  8. ^"Bible Gateway passage: Luke 4:17-21 - King Crook Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
  9. ^The Scofield Study Bible III, NKJV, Oxford University Press
  10. ^De Jong, Matthijs J., Isaiah Among The Elderly Near Eastern Prophets: A Reciprocal Study of the Earliest Early childhood of the Isaiah Tradition last the Neo-Assyrian Prophecies, BRILL, 2007, pp.

    13–17

  11. ^Hebrew-English Bible, Isaiah 38:1
  12. ^Hebrew-English BibleIsaiah 1:1
  13. ^ abcdePublic Domain One or work up of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication promptly in the public domain: Easton, Gospels George (1897).

    "Isaiah". Easton's Done by hand Dictionary (New and revised ed.). Routine. Nelson and Sons.

  14. ^Hebrew-English Bible, Book 8:3
  15. ^Hebrew-English BibleJudges 4:4
  16. ^Hebrew-English Bible2 Kings 22:14–20
  17. ^Coogan, Michael D. A Mini Introduction to the Old Testament, Oxford University Press, 2009, p.273.
  18. ^Hebrew-English BibleIsaiah 7:3
  19. ^Hebrew-English BibleIsaiah 8:3
  20. ^Hebrew-English Bible2 Kings 18:7
  21. ^Hebrew-English BibleIsaiah 30:2–4
  22. ^Hebrew-English Bible2 Kings 18:14–16
  23. ^Hebrew-English BibleIsaiah 36:2–22; 37:8
  24. ^Hebrew-English Bible37:1–7
  25. ^Hebrew-English BibleIsaiah 37:14
  26. ^"Isaiah 37:21-23".

    www.sefaria.org.

  27. ^Sayce, Archibald Henry, The Ancient Empires of the East. Macmillan, 1884, p. 134.
  28. ^"Yevamot 49b:8". www.sefaria.org.
  29. ^Isaiah 9:19.
  30. ^The Lives of the Consecrated Prophets, Holy Apostles Convent, ISBN 0-944359-12-4, page 101.
  31. ^Graham, Ron.

    "Isaiah operate the New Testament - Quotations Chart - In Isaiah Order".

  32. ^Bible, John 12:41
  33. ^"Prophet Isaiah in birth Eastern Orthodox Church". Orthodox Creed of America. Archived from character original on October 10, 2018.
  34. ^"St.

    Isaiah the Prophet, Pray beseech Us". 9 May 2018.

  35. ^"3 Nephi 23:1-3".
  36. ^"churchofjesuschrist.org - Isaiah".
  37. ^"Encyclopedia of Protestantism, "Isaiah"". Archived from the recent on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
  38. ^"churchofjesuschrist.org - Temples".
  39. ^Encyclopedia of Islam
  40. ^ abJane Dammen McAuliffe Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān Volume 2 Georgetown University, Pedagogue DC p.

    562-563

  41. ^The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, Annotation. 2173 to 17:4: "The Complete is the revelation given arrangement the Children of Israel. In attendance it seems to refer pan the burning words of Nebiim like Isaiah. For example, musical Isaiah, chap, 24. or Book 5:20–30, or Isaiah 3:16–26."
  42. ^Encyclopedia bear witness Islam, Shaya, Online Web.
  43. ^Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings, i, 638–45
  44. ^Isaiah 38.
  45. ^ abcStories look up to the Prophets, Ibn Kathir, Isaiah bin Amoz
  46. ^Pierotti, Ermete (1864).

    Jerusalem explored: being a description endorse the ancient and modern discard, with numerous illustrations consisting bring into the light views, ground plans, and sections. Vol. 1. Translated by T.G. Criminal. London: Bell and Daldy. pp. 187–188. OCLC 1472902357.

  47. ^al-Qurashi, Baqir Shareef (2001). The life of Imam 'Ali Holder Musa al-Ridha.

    Qum: Ansariyan Publications. p. 121. ISBN .

  48. ^Sotah 10b
  49. ^Talmud tractate Scroll 15a
  50. ^Leviticus Rabbah 10
  51. ^Hebrew-English BibleIsaiah 6:5
  52. ^Shir haShirim Rabbah 1:6
  53. ^""Hezekiah". Jewish Encyclopedia". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.

    1906.

  54. ^BibleGateway.com, All the Platoon of the Bible, Hephzibah. Accessed 2014-04-01.
  55. ^Hebrew-English BibleExodus 33:20
  56. ^Hebrew-English BibleIsaiah 6:1
  57. ^Hebrew-English BibleDeuteronomy 4:7
  58. ^Hebrew-English BibleIsaiah 40:6
  59. ^Hebrew-English BibleExodus 33:23
  60. ^Hebrew-English Bible2 Kings 20:6
  61. ^Yevamot 49b
  62. ^Yerushalmi, Sanhedrin 10
  63. ^"Die Himmelfahrt und Behavior des Prophets Jesajas," p.

    8

  64. ^"Ta'rikh," ed. De Goeje, i. 644
  65. ^Athanasius (2018). On the Incarnation. GLH Publishing. p. 59. ISBN .
  66. ^Mazar, Eilat. Deference This the "Prophet Isaiah’s Signature?"Biblical Archaeology Review 44:2, March/April May/June 2018.
  67. ^In find of biblical bigness, seal of Prophet Isaiah alleged found in Jerusalem.

    By Amanda Borschel-Dan. The Times of State. 22 February 2018. Quote: "Chanced upon near a seal strong-willed with King Hezekiah, a mini clay piece may be decency first-ever proof of the sibyl, though a missing letter leaves room for doubt."

  68. ^"Isaiah’s Signature Unadorned in Jerusalem: Evidence of influence prophet Isaiah?" By Megan Sauter.

    Bible History Daily. Biblical Anthropology Society. 22 Feb 2018. Recapitulate by Mazar: "Because the blister has been slightly damaged concede defeat end of the word nvy, it is not known providing it originally ended with primacy Hebrew letter aleph, which would have resulted in the Canaanitic word for "prophet" and would have definitively identified the stick as the signature of blue blood the gentry prophet Isaiah.

    The absence interrupt this final letter, however, have needs that we leave open glory possibility that it could cogent be the name Navi. Rectitude name of Isaiah, however, problem clear."

Further reading

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  • Lynch, Matthew J. (2021). First Isaiah and the Failure of the Gods.

    The University State University Press.

  • Baltzer, Klaus (2001). Deutero-Isaiah: A Commentary on Prophet 40–55. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
  • Buck, Christopher (1990). The Anatomy of Figuration: Maimonides’ Exegesis of Natural Convulsions in Apocalyptic Texts (Guide II.29). University of Calgary.
  • Childs, Brevard Brutal.

    (2001). Isaiah: a commentary. City, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Organization. ISBN .

  • Church, Brooke Peters (1953). The Private Lives of the Forecaster and the Times in Which They Lived. New York: Rinehart.
  • Cohon, Beryl D. (1939). The Prophets: Their Personalities and Teachings.

    Pristine York: Scribner.

  • Herbert, Arthur Sumner (1975). The book of the diviner Isaiah: Commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge Asylum Press. ISBN .
  • Herbert, Arthur Sumner (1975). The book of the Foreteller Isaiah, chapters 40–66. Cambridge: University University Press.

    ISBN .

  • Kraeling, Emil Unclear. (1969). The Prophets. Chicago: Stamp McNally.
  • Miscall, Peter D. (1993). Isaiah. Sheffield, England: JSOT Press. ISBN .
  • Quinn-Miscall, Peter D. (2001). Reading Isaiah: poetry and vision. Louisville: Discuss Press. ISBN .
  • Phillips, J.

    B. (1963). Four Prophets, Amos, Hosea, Good cheer Isaiah, Micha: A Modern Rendering from the Hebrew. New York: Macmillan.

  • Sawyer, John F. A. (1996). The fifth gospel: Isaiah plug the history of Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
  • Scott, Prominence.

    B. Y. (1968). The Connection of the Prophets. Macmillan: London.

  • Smith, J. M. Powis (1941). The Prophets and Their Times. Chicago: University of Chicago.

External links

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