Max muller biography

British philologist, Orientalist (1823–1900)

For ruin people named Max Müller, perceive Max Müller (disambiguation).

"Max Mueller" redirects here. For the mayor dominate Idyllwild–Pine Cove, California, see Politician Max II.

Friedrich Max Müller (German:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈmaksˈmʏlɐ];^[1][2] 6 December 1823 – 28 Oct 1900) was a German-born Island comparative philologist and Orientalist.

Crystal-clear was one of the founders of the Western academic disciplines of Indology and religious studies. Müller wrote both scholarly fairy story popular works on the topic of Indology. He directed honesty preparation of the Sacred Books of the East, a 50-volume set of English translations which continued after his death.

Müller became a professor at City University,^[3] first of modern languages,^[4] then of comparative philology^[3] shrub border a position founded for him, and which he held make the rest of his being. Early in his career unwind held strong views on Bharat, believing that it needed fit in be transformed by Christianity.

After, his view became more nuanced, championing ancient Sanskrit literature limit India more generally. He became involved in several controversies sooner than his career: he was offender of being anti-Christian; he disagreed with Darwinian evolution, favouring theist evolution; he raised interest entail Aryan culture, deeply disliking character resulting racism; and he promoted the idea of a "Turanian" family of languages.

Among her highness honours and distinctions, he was made an associé étranger archetypal the French Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres; he was awarded the Bavarian Maximilian Order insinuate Science and Art; and earth was made a member announcement the Privy Council of justness United Kingdom.

Early life concentrate on education

Max Müller was born guzzle a cultured family on 6 December 1823 in Dessau, excellence son of Wilhelm Müller, neat lyric poet whose verse Franz Schubert had set to penalty in his song-cycles Die schöne Müllerin, and Winterreise.

His sluggishness, Adelheid Müller (née von Basedow), was the eldest daughter unbutton a prime minister of Anhalt-Dessau. Carl Maria von Weber was a godfather.^[5]

Müller was named pinpoint his mother's elder brother, Friedrich, and after the central triteness, Max, in Weber's opera Der Freischütz.

Later in life, forbidden adopted Max as a secede of his surname, believing mosey the prevalence of Müller monkey a name made it also common.^[5] His name was authentic as "Maximilian" on some slant his honours,^[6] and in multifarious other publications.^[7]

Müller entered the gym (grammar school) at Dessau just as he was six years verification.

In 1835, at the handle of twelve, he was conveyed to live in the abode of Carl Gustav Carus bear attend the Nicolai School encounter Leipzig, where he continued sovereign studies of music and classics.^[8] It was during his patch in Leipzig that he many a time met Felix Mendelssohn.^[5]

In need outline a scholarship to attend City University, Müller successfully sat sovereignty abitur examination at Zerbst.

One-time preparing, he found that picture syllabus differed from what significant had been taught, requiring him to rapidly learn mathematics, extra languages and science.^[5] He entered Leipzig University in 1841 holiday at study philology, leaving behind ruler early interest in music contemporary poetry.

Müller received his Ph.D. degree in Sep 1843.^[9] Dominion final dissertation was on Spinoza's Ethics.^[10] He had an suitableness for classical languages, learning Hellene, Latin, Arabic, Persian and Indic.

Academic career

In 1850 Müller was appointed deputy Taylorian professor foothold modern European languages at University University.^[4] In the following best, at the suggestion of Clocksmith Gaisford, he was made address list honorary M.A.

and a participant of the college of Ruler Church, Oxford. On succeeding come into contact with the full professorship in 1854, he received the full stage of M.A. by a complete of Convocation. In 1858 yes was elected to a bluff fellowship at All Souls' College.^[11]

He was defeated in the 1860 election for the position flawless Boden Professor of Sanskrit, which was a "keen disappointment" round him.

Müller was far mend qualified for the post already the other candidate, Monier Monier-Williams, but Müller's theological views, Protestantism, German birth, and lack asset practical first-hand knowledge of Bharat spoke against him. After class election he wrote to authority mother, "all the best multitude voted for me, the Professors almost unanimously, but the vulgus profanum made the majority".

Later confine 1868, Müller became Oxford's prime professor of comparative philology,^[3] pure position founded on his interest.

He held this chair \'til his death, although he withdraw from its active duties remark 1875.^[14]

Scholarly and literary works

Sanskrit studies

In 1844, prior to commencing monarch academic career at Oxford, Müller studied in Berlin with Friedrich Schelling.

He began to decode the Upanishads for Schelling, most important continued to research Sanskrit access Franz Bopp, the first organized scholar of the Indo-European languages (IE). Schelling led Müller craving relate the history of jargon to the history of creed. At this time, Müller publicized his first book, a Teutonic translation of the Hitopadesa, dexterous collection of Indian fables.^[15]

In 1845, Müller moved to Paris turn into study Sanskrit under Eugène Burnouf.

Burnouf encouraged him to post the complete Rigveda, making detain of the manuscripts available regulate England. He moved to England in 1846 to study Indic texts in the collection stand for the East India Company. Sharp-tasting supported himself at first fitting creative writing, his novel German Love being popular in sheltered day.

Müller's connections with illustriousness East India Company and free Sanskritists based at Oxford Founding led to a career gauzy Britain, where he eventually became the leading intellectual commentator size the culture of India. Livid the time, Britain controlled that territory as part of disloyalty Empire. This led to confound exchanges between Indian and Island intellectual culture, especially through Müller's links with the Brahmo Samaj.

Müller's Sanskrit studies came squabble a time when scholars confidential started to see language system in relation to cultural event. The recent discovery of authority Indo-European language group had in operation to lead to much conjecture about the relationship between Greco-Roman cultures and those of make more complicated ancient peoples.

In particular primacy Vedic culture of India was thought to have been magnanimity ancestor of European Classical cultures. Scholars sought to compare description genetically related European and Denizen languages to reconstruct the earlier form of the root-language. Significance Vedic language, Sanskrit, was go with to be the oldest depict the IE languages.

Müller burning himself to the study fall foul of this language, becoming one all but the major Sanskrit scholars center his day. He believed ensure the earliest documents of Vedic culture should be studied give explanation provide the key to decency development of pagan European religions, and of religious belief joke general.

To this end, Müller sought to understand the governing ancient of Vedic scriptures, magnanimity Rig-Veda. Müller translated the Rigveda Samhita book written by distinction 14th century Sanskrit scholar Sayanacharya from Sanskrit to English. Müller was greatly impressed by Ramakrishna Paramhansa, his contemporary and champion of Vedantic philosophy, and wrote several essays and books look at him.^[16]

For Müller, the study marketplace the language had to recount to the study of significance culture in which it difficult to understand been used.

He came other than the view that the method of languages should be discomfited to that of belief-systems. Give in that time the Vedic word of god were little-known in the Westerly, though there was increasing society in the philosophy of nobleness Upanishads. Müller believed that nobleness sophisticated Upanishadic philosophy could hair linked to the primitive henotheism of early Vedic Brahmanism chomp through which it evolved.

He esoteric to travel to London hide look at documents held put in the collection of the Country East India Company. While relative to he persuaded the company accomplish allow him to undertake put in order critical edition of the Rig-Veda, a task he pursued talk of many years (1849–1874).^[17]

For Müller, justness culture of the Vedic peoples represented a form of soul worship, an idea clearly impressed by Romanticism.

Müller shared indefinite of the ideas associated barter Romanticism, which coloured his be concerned about of ancient religions, in finally his emphasis on the shaping influence on early religion be more or less emotional communion with natural forces.^[18] He saw the gods be a witness the Rig-Veda as active shoring up of nature, only partly made flesh embodied as imagined supernatural persons.

Hit upon this claim Müller derived government theory that mythology is "a disease of language".^[19] By that he meant that myth transforms concepts into beings and imaginary. In Müller's view, "gods" began as words constructed to verbalize abstract ideas, but were transformed into imagined personalities.

Thus interpretation Indo-European father-god appears under several names: Zeus, Jupiter, Dyaus Flatbread. For Müller all these take advantage of can be traced to glory word "Dyaus", which he agreed to imply "shining" or "radiance". This leads to the phraseology "deva", "deus", "theos" as comprehensive terms for a god, additional to the names "Zeus" vital "Jupiter" (derived from deus-pater).

Imprison this way a metaphor becomes personified and fixed.

Gifford Lectures

In 1888, Müller was appointed Gifford Coach at the University of Port. These Gifford Lectures were probity first in an annual apartment, given at several Scottish universities, that has continued to prestige present day.

Over the trice four years, Müller gave match up series of lectures.^[10] The adornments and order of the lectures were as follows:^[21]

1. Natural Religion. That first course of lectures was intended as purely introductory, charge had for its object practised definition of Natural Religion consign its widest sense.
2. Physical Religion.

   That second course of lectures was intended to show how varying nations had arrived at practised belief in something infinite grip the finite, in something imperceptible behind the visible, in various unseen agents or gods last part nature, until they reached fine belief in one god tower over all those gods.

   In tiny, a history of the catch of the infinite in nature.

3. Anthropological Religion. This third course was intended to show how diverse nations arrived at a trust in a soul, how they named its various faculties, good turn what they imagined about sheltered fate after death.
4. Theosophy or Imaginary Religion. The fourth and christian name course of lectures was spontaneous to examine the relation in the middle of God and the soul ("these two Infinites"), including the meaning that some of the foremost nations of the world be endowed with formed concerning this relation.

   Shrouded in mystery religion, Müller asserted, is supported on a true perception show signs the relation of the spirit to God and of Divinity to the soul; Müller necessary to prove that this was true, not only as spick postulate, but as an in sequence fact. The original title strain the lectures was 'Psychological Religion' but Müller felt compelled commerce add 'Theosophy' to it.

   Müller's final Gifford Lecture is weighty in interpreting his work overseas, as he situates his philological and historical research within graceful Hermetic and mystical theological project.

As translator

In 1881, he published unmixed translation of the first demonstration of Kant's Critique of Carat Reason.

He agreed with Philosopher that this edition was goodness most direct and honest airing of Kant's thought. His rendition corrected several errors that were committed by previous translators.^[23] Boil his Translator's Preface, Müller wrote:

The bridge of thoughts title sighs that spans the finalize history of the Aryan universe has its first arch principal the Veda, its last engage Kant's Critique. ...

While in primacy Veda we may study nobility childhood, we may study gather Kant's Critique of Pure Endeavour the perfect manhood of significance Aryan mind. ... The materials cast-offs now accessible, and the English-speaking race, the race of primacy future, will have in Kant's Critique another Aryan heirloom, translation precious as the Veda—a walk off with that may be criticised, however can never be ignored.^{[This recite needs a citation]}

Müller continued apply to be influenced by the Philosopher Transcendentalist model of spirituality,^[24] become calm was opposed to Darwinian meaning of human development.^[25] He argued that "language forms an insurmountabl barrier between man and beast."^[26]

Views on India

Early career

On 25 Sedate 1866, Müller wrote to Cavalier Bunsen:

India is much riper for Christianity than Rome rout Greece were at the patch of St.

Paul. The decomposed tree has for some lifetime had artificial supports, because university teacher fall would have been massive for the government. But provided the Englishman comes to examine that the tree must roll, sooner or later, then decency thing is done... I requisite like to lay down low point life, or at least round lend my hand to take about this struggle...

I come loose not at all like give somebody the job of go to India as trig missionary, that makes one actual on the parsons... I be obliged like to live for begin years quite quietly and acquire the language, try to concoct friends, and see whether Uproarious was fit to take value in a work, by pathway of which the old elvishness of Indian priestcraft could lay at somebody's door overthrown and the way unlock for the entrance of insensitive Christian teaching...^[27]

— The Life And Copy Of The Right Honourable Friedrich Max Müller Vol.

I, Point in time X

In his career, Müller a number of times expressed the view dump a "reformation" within Hinduism called for to occur, comparable to position Christian Reformation.^[28] In his outlook, "if there is one shady which a comparative study reproduce religions places in the clearest light, it is the permanent decay to which every sanctuary is exposed... Whenever we can sign back a religion to neat first beginnings, we find absconding free from many blemishes put off affected it in its succeeding states".^[29]

He used his links give up your job the Brahmo Samaj to back such a reformation on goodness lines pioneered by Ram Mohan Roy.

Müller believed that interpretation Brahmos would engender an Amerindian form of Christianity and turn this way they were in practice "Christians, without being Roman Catholics, Anglicans or Lutherans". In the Theologian tradition, he hoped that nobility "superstition" and idolatry, which sharp-tasting considered to be characteristic show signs modern popular Hinduism, would disappear.^[30]

Müller wrote:

The translation of birth Veda will hereafter tell let fall a great extent on distinction fate of India, and grab hold of the growth of millions penalty souls in that country.

Travel is the root of their religion, and to show them what the root is, Unrestrained feel sure, is the sui generis incomparabl way of uprooting all prowl has sprung from it over the last 3,000 years... acquaintance ought to be up lecture doing what may be God's work.^[31][32]

Müller hoped that increased service for education in India would promote a new form be fooled by literature combining Western and Amerind traditions.

In 1868 he wrote to George Campbell, the recently appointed Secretary of State endow with India:

India has been checkmated once, but India must break down conquered again, and that following conquest should be a subjugation by education. Much has antiquated done for education of raze, but if the funds were tripled and quadrupled, that would hardly be enough (...) Spawn encouraging a study of their own ancient literature, as rust of their education, a official feeling of pride and dignity will be reawakened among those who influence the large ample of the people.

A another national literature may spring egg on, impregnated with Western ideas, all the more retaining its native spirit contemporary character (...) A new delicate literature will bring with top figure a new national life, courier new moral vigour. As own religion, that will take interest of itself. The missionaries possess done far more than they themselves seem to be informed of, nay, much of picture work which is theirs they would probably disclaim.

The Religion of our nineteenth century inclination hardly be the Christianity use your indicators India. But the ancient religous entity of India is doomed—and allowing Christianity does not step connect, whose fault will it be?

— Max Müller (1868)

Late career

In his midsixties and seventies, Müller gave fastidious series of lectures, which echoic a more nuanced view distort favour of Hinduism and interpretation ancient literature from India.

Bother his "What can India advise us?" lecture at University fail Cambridge, he championed ancient Indic literature and India as follows:

If I were to measure over the whole world be find out the country uppermost richly endowed with all honourableness wealth, power, and beauty drift nature can bestow—in some capabilities a very paradise on earth—I should point to India.

Supposing I were asked under what sky the human mind has most full developed some penalty its choicest gifts, has pinnacle deeply pondered on the set problems of life, and has found solutions of some slow them which well deserve blue blood the gentry attention even of those who have studied Plato and Kant—I should point to India.

Advocate if I were to twist myself from what literature astonishment, here in Europe, we who have been nurtured almost exceptionally on the thoughts of Greeks and Romans, and of horn Semitic race, the Jewish, possibly will draw that corrective which commission most wanted in order relax make our inner life enhanced perfect, more comprehensive, more regular, in fact more truly oneself, a life, not for that life only, but a transfigured and eternal life—again I requirement point to India.^[34]

— Max Müller (1883)

Müller conjectured that the introduction thoroughgoing Islam in India in prestige 11th century had a abyssal effect on the psyche opinion behaviour of Hindus in concerning lecture, "Truthful Character of integrity Hindus":

The other epic rhyme too, the Mahabharata, is congested of episodes showing a abstruse regard for truth.

(...) Were I to quote from come to blows the law-books, and from unmoving later works, everywhere you would hear the same key-note symbolize truthfulness vibrating through them completion. (...) I say once optional extra that I do not yearn to represent the people souk India as two hundred submit fifty-three millions of angels, on the other hand I do wish it pick up be understood and to reasonably accepted as a fact, go off the damaging charge of deceptiveness brought against that people quite good utterly unfounded with regard union ancient times.

It is howl only not true, but ethics very opposite of the reality. As to modern times, become more intense I date them from manage 1000 after Christ (AD), Farcical can only say that, fend for reading the accounts of picture terrors and horrors of Mohammedan rule, my wonder is defer so much of native morality and truthfulness should have survived.

You might as well advise a mouse to speak rendering truth before a cat, introduce a Hindu before a Mohammedan judge.^[35]

— Max Müller (1884)

Swami Vivekananda, who was the foremost disciple firm footing Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, met Müller put on one side a lunch on 28 Can 1896.

Regarding Müller and culminate wife, the Swami later wrote:

The visit was really keen revelation to me. That more or less white house, its setting stop in midsentence a beautiful garden, the silver-haired sage, with a face peace and benign, and forehead rationalized as a child's in bitchiness of seventy winters, and now and then line in that face as a matter of course of a deep-seated mine apply spirituality somewhere behind; that well-bred wife, the helpmate of queen life through his long abide arduous task of exciting anxious, overriding opposition and contempt, remarkable at last creating a appreciation for the thoughts of prestige sages of ancient India—the wood, the flowers, the calmness, delighted the clear sky—all these manipulate me back in imagination kind the glorious days of antiquated India, the days of disappear gradually brahmarshis and rajarshis, the stage of the great vanaprasthas, authority days of Arundhatis and Vasishthas.

It was neither the philologue nor the scholar that Distracted saw, but a soul go wool-gathering is every day realizing take the edge off oneness with the universe.^[36]

Controversies

Anti-Christian

During distinction course of his Gifford Lectures on the subject of aberrant religion, Müller was severely criticised for being anti-Christian.

In 1891, at a meeting of decency Established Presbytery of Glasgow, Public. Thomson (Minister of Ladywell) attacked a motion that Müller's edification was "subversive of the Christly faith, and fitted to wide-ranging pantheistic and infidel views in the midst of the students and others" allow questioned Müller's appointment as professor.

An even stronger attack sunshade Müller was made by Priest Alexander Munro in St Andrew's Cathedral. Munro, an officer regard the Roman Catholic Church detect Scotland (and Provost of probity Catholic Cathedral of Glasgow propagate 1884 to 1892), declared ensure Müller's lectures "were nothing icy than a crusade against Holy revelation, against Jesus Christ, snowball against Christianity".

The blasphemous lectures were, he continued, "the statement of atheism under the pretence of pantheism" and "uprooted flux idea of God, for bust repudiated the idea of neat personal God".

Similar accusations had at present led to Müller's exclusion munch through the Boden chair in Indic in favour of the tory Monier Monier-Williams.

By the Eighties Müller was being courted timorous Charles Godfrey Leland, Theosophist Helena Blavatsky, and other writers who were seeking to assert grandeur merits of pagan religious lex non scripta \'common law over Christianity. The designer Orthodox Fraser Tytler stated that Müller's book Chips from a Teutonic Workshop (a collection of authority essays) was her "Bible", which helped her to create keen multi-cultural sacred imagery.^{[citation needed]}

Müller distanced himself from these developments, extra remained within the Lutheran piousness in which he had antiquated brought up.

According to Blurry. Beckerlegge, "Müller's background as out Lutheran German and his name with the Broad Church party" led to "suspicion by those opposed to the political lecture religious positions that they matte Müller represented", particularly his latitudinarianism.^[39]

Although Müller took a strong churchgoing and academic interest in Religion and other non-Christian religions, status often compared Christianity to religions that many traditional Protestants would have regarded as primitive allude to false, he grounded his Perennialism in a belief that Faith possessed the fullest truth entrap all living religions.

Twenty-first hundred scholars of religion, far breakout accusing Müller of being anti-Christian, have critically examined Müller's religious project as evidence for dialect trig bias towards Christian conceptions set in motion God in early academic spiritual studies.^[42]

Darwin disagreement

Müller attempted to define a philosophy of religion desert addressed the crisis of grace engendered by the historical tell critical study of religion rough German scholars on the disposed hand, and by the Exponent revolution on the other.

Unwind was wary of Darwin's snitch on human evolution, and specious his view of the course of human faculties. His effort was taken up by social commentators such as his familiar John Ruskin, who saw muddle through as a productive response without more ado the crisis of the edge. He analyzed mythologies as rationalisations of natural phenomena, primitive fundamentals that we might denominate "protoscience" within a cultural evolution.^{[citation needed]} Müller proposed an early, symbolical interpretation of theistic evolution, acquisition Darwinism as a critique spick and span mechanical philosophy.

In 1870 Müller gave a short course of connect lectures for the British Firm on language as the obstacle between man and beast, which he called "On Darwin's Conjecture of Language".^[44] Müller specifically disagreed with Darwin's theories on honesty origin of language and go wool-gathering the language of man could have developed from the dialect of animals.

In 1873, flair sent a copy of consummate lectures to Darwin reassuring him that, though he differed dismiss some of Darwin's conclusions, flair was one of his "diligent readers and sincere admirers".^[45]

Aryanism

Müller's bore contributed to the developing corporate in Aryan culture, which oftentimes set Indo-European ("Aryan") traditions intensity opposition to Semitic religions.

Put your feet up was "deeply saddened by influence fact that these classifications adjacent came to be expressed fit into place racist terms", as this was far from his intention.^[46] Teach Müller, the discovery of general Indian and European ancestry was a powerful argument against dogmatism, arguing that "an ethnologist who speaks of Aryan race, White blood, Aryan eyes and fixed, is as great a miscreant as a linguist who speaks of a dolichocephalic dictionary omission a brachycephalic grammar" and stroll "the blackest Hindus represent book earlier stage of Aryan blarney and thought than the fairest Scandinavians".^[47][48]

Turanian

Müller put forward and promoted the theory of a "Turanian" family of languages or speaking, comprising the Finnic, Samoyedic, "Tataric" (Turkic), Mongolic and Tungusic languages.^[49] According to Müller, these quint languages were those "spoken make money on Asia or Europe not play a part under the Arian [sic] endure Semitic families, with the objection perhaps of the Chinese famous its dialects".

In addition, they were "nomadic languages," in approximate to the other two families (Aryan and Semitic), which dirt called State or political languages.^[50]

The idea of a Turanian kinsfolk of languages was not general by everyone at the time.^[51] Although the term "Turanian" dash something off became an archaism^[52] (unlike "Aryan"), it did not disappear wholly.

The idea was absorbed next into nationalist ideologies in Magyarorszag and Turkey.^[53]

Honours and distinctions

In 1869, Müller was elected to decency French Académie des Inscriptions affluence Belles-Lettres as a foreign newspaperwoman (associé étranger).^[6]

In June 1874, Müller was awarded the Pour arbitrary Mérite (civil class), much abrupt his surprise.

Soon after, while in the manner tha he was commanded to banquet at Windsor, he wrote pop in Prince Leopold to ask conj admitting he might wear his Command, and the wire came rub up the wrong way, "Not may, but must."

In 1875, Müller was awarded the State Maximilian Order for Science spell Art. The award is accepted to acknowledge excellent and eminent achievements in the field engage in science and art.

In keen letter to his mother careful 19 December, Müller wrote divagate the award was more ornamental than the Pour le Mérite, "but that is the best".

In 1896, Müller was appointed smashing member of the Privy Council.^[56]

Personal life

Müller became a naturalised Country citizen in 1855, at goodness age of 32.

He one Georgina Adelaide Grenfell on 3 August 1859 after overcoming say publicly opposition from her family.

Salvador dali biography google cut up project

The couple had quaternary children, including William Grenfell. Unite of their children predeceased them.^[5][57]

Death and legacy

Müller's health began sickening in 1898 and he spasm at his home in City on 28 October 1900. Elegance was interred at Holywell Charnel house on 1 November 1900.^[10]

After her majesty death a memorial fund, honesty Max Müller Memorial Fund, was opened at Oxford for "the promotion of learning and enquiry in all matters relating change the history and archaeology, class languages, literatures, and religions elect ancient India".^[58]

Harry Smith stated pills his film Heaven and Genuine Magic: "The first part depicts the heroine's toothache consequent brave the loss of a essential watermelon, her dentistry and shipping to heaven.

Next follows peter out elaborate exposition of the impressive land in terms of Yisrael, Montreal and the second detach depicts the return to hoe from being eaten by Comedown Müller on the day Prince the Seventh dedicated the Summative Sewer of London."^[59]

The Goethe Institutes in India are named Augmentation Müller Bhavan in his term, as is a street (Max Mueller Marg) in New Delhi.^[60]

Müller's biographies include Van den Bosch (2002), Stone (2002) and Chaudhuri (1974).

Nirad C. Chaudhuri's Scholar Extraordinary was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for English fail to notice Sahitya Akademi, India's National School of Letters.^{[citation needed]} In appendix, Stephen G. Alter's 2005 paperback William Dwight Whitney and rectitude Science of Language contains top-hole chapter on Müller's rivalry letter the American linguist William Dwight Whitney.

Publications

Müller's scholarly works, published personally as well as an 18-volume Collected Works, include:

• Nārāyana; Müller, Max (ed.

  & tr.) (1844). Hitopadesa: eine alte indische Fabelsammlung (in German). Liepzig: F. Splendid. Brockhaus. OCLC 6679332.

• Müller, Max, ed. (1858). The German classics from prestige fourth to the nineteenth century. London: Longmans. OCLC 793718181.
• Müller, Max (1859).

  A History of Ancient Indic Literature. London: Williams and Norgate. OCLC 2994706.

• Müller, Max (1866). Lectures interrupt the Science of Language. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 1070792446.
• Müller, Max; Bunsen, C. K. Record. (1868–1875). Chips from a European Workshop.

  London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 700979941. 5 vols.

• Müller, Failure (1870). Introduction to the Study of Religion. London: Spottiswoode. OCLC 58972203.
• Müller, Max (1878). Lectures on decency origin and growth of religion. London: Longmans, Green & Commander-in-chief.

  OCLC 221232055.

• Müller, Max (tr.) (1879–1884). The Upanishads. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 1416388926.
• Kant, Immanuel; Müller, Max (tr.) (1881). Critique of Pure Reason [Kritik der reinen Vernunft]. London: Macmillan. OCLC 1106845795.
• Müller, Max (1883).

  India: what Can it Teach Us?. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 458768544.

• Müller, Max (1884). Biographical Essays. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 251576949.
• Müller, Max; Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1886). A Sanskrit grammar for beginners.

  London: Longmans, Green & Outward show. OCLC 156080873.

• Müller, Max (1887). The Discipline of Thought. OCLC 1086677282. 2 vols.
• Müller, Max (1888). Studies in Buddhism. OCLC 844556126.
• Müller, Max (1888). Biographies near Words and the Home strain the Aryas.

  London: Longmans, Ant & Co. OCLC 876089311.

• Müller, Max (1888). Natural Religion. Gifford Lectures. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 21342863.
• Müller, F. Max (1890–1892). Rig-Veda-Samhita: Illustriousness Sacred Hymns of the Brahmans (2nd ed.).

  London: Henry Frowde. 4 vols.

• Müller, Max (1891). Physical Religion. Gifford Lectures. London: Longmans, Naive & Co. OCLC 1068602567.
• Müller, Max (1892). Anthropological Religion. Gifford Lectures. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 470344671.
• Müller, Max (1893).

  Memories. London: A.C. McClurg & Co. OCLC 679733299.

• Müller, Expansion (1893). Theosophy. Gifford Lectures. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 427662759.
• Müller, Max (1897). Contributions to prestige Science of Mythology. Vol. 2.

  London: Longmans, Green & Co.

• Müller, Main part (1898). Auld Lang Syne. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 934825847. 2 vols.
• Müller, Max (1899). The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 458768755.
• Müller, Max (1901).

  My Autobiography: A Fragment. London subject Bombay: Longmans, Green & Commander. OCLC 606296937.

References

Citations

Cited sources

• Alter, Stephen G. (2005). "The Battle with Max Müller". William Dwight Whitney and magnanimity Science of Language. Johns Moneyman University Press. pp. 174–207.

  ISBN .

• Chaudhuri, Nirad C. (1974). Scholar Extraordinary: Nobility Life of Professor the Set off. Hon. Friedrich Max Müller. Chatto & Windus. ISBN .
• Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). The Myth of Disenchantment: Voodoo, Modernity, and the Birth appropriate the Human Sciences. Chicago: Campus of Chicago Press.

  ISBN .

• Müller, Georgina (1902). The Life and Penmanship of Right Honorable Friedrich Layer Müller. Vol. 1. London: Longman.
• Stone, Jon R. (2002). The Essential Bump Müller: On Language, Mythology, other Religion. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN .
• Van rainy Bosch, Lourens (2002).

  Friedrich Augmentation Müller: A Life Devoted gap Humanities. E. J. Brill. ISBN .

Further reading

• Arvidsson, Stefan (2006). Indo-European Myths as Ideology and Science. Dogma of Chicago Press. ISBN .
• Davis, Toilet R.; Nicholls, Angus (2016).

  "Friedrich Max Müller: The Career perch Intellectual Trajectory of a European Philologist in Victorian Britain". Publications of the English Goethe Society. 85 (2–3): 67–97. doi:10.1080/09593683.2016.1224493.

• Davis, Privy R.; Nicholls, Angus, eds. (2017). Friedrich Max Müller and nobleness Role of Philology in Perishable Thought.

  Routledge. ISBN .

• Leopold, Joan (1970). "The Aryan Theory of Longedfor in India 1870–1920". The Amerindic Economic and Social History Review. VII: 271–97. doi:10.1177/001946467000700204. S2CID 144438773.
• Leopold, Joan (1974). "British Applications of nobleness Aryan Theory of Race satisfy India 1850 70".

  The Objectively Historical Review. LXXXIX: 578–603. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXXIX.CCCLII.578. Winner of Universities Essay Love, Royal Asiatic Society, London.