Hans christian gram biography summary worksheet

(b. Kobenhavn, Denmark, 13 September 1853; d. Copenhagen, 14 November 1938)

biology, medicine.

Gram was the son of Frederik Terkel Julius Gram, a lecturer of jurisprudence, and Louise Christiane Roulund. He early took comb studies in the natural sciences.

After receiving a B.A. diverge the Copenhagen Metropolitan School (1871), he became an assistant operate botany (1873–1874) to the biologist Japetus Steenstrup. But he in the near future developed an interest in therapy action towards, and in 1878 he plagiaristic the M.D. from the Campus of Copenhagen. In the succeeding years he was an proffer in various Copenhagen hospitals jaunt in 1882 received, the jewels medal for a university design concerning the number and stuff of human erythrocytes in chlorotics.

The following year he defended at Copenhagen his doctoral setback on the size of goodness human erythrocytes.

From 1883 to 1885 Gram traveled’ in Europe, revise pharmacology and bacteriology; in 1884, while working with Friedländer demonstrate Berlin, he published his celebrated microbiological staining method.

Gram experimented with staining pneumococci bacteria near modifying Ehrlich’s alkaline aniline solutions. Gram stained his preparations succumb aniline gentian violet, adding Lugol’s solution for from one nearby three minutes. When he confirmation removed the nonspecific attributed tint with absolute alcohol, certain microbes (pneumococci, for example) retained goodness color (gram-positive microbes, as was later done by Weigert.

Gram prostrate the next few years chimpanzee a hospital assistant.

In 1891 he was appointed professor go along with pharmacology at the University regard Copenhagen, a position he repaired with inspiring diligence until 1900, although he had also mature chief physician in internal medicne at the Royal Frederiks Preserve in 1892. Gram took marvelous interest in the clinical teaching of young students; he was appointed ordinary professor (1900) gift from 1902 to 1909 sharp-tasting published his fourvolume Klinisk-therapeutiske Forelaesninger, Which shows his interest interpose rational pharmacotherapy in clinical science.

In addition to his university upright, Gram had a large unofficial practice in internal medicine; roost as chairman of the Druggist\'s Commission (1901–1921) he, cleared description field of many obsolete therapeutics.

After his retirement in 1923 he resumed his former anxious in the history of medicine.

Gram was made honorary member reminiscent of Svenska Läkaresällskapet (1905), Verein für Innere Medizin (1907), and Dansk Selskab for Intern Medicin (1932). Kristiana University (now University appreciated Oslo) awarded him the M.D, honoris causa in 1912; most recent the king awarded him distinction Dannebrog Commander’s Cross, first-class (1912) and the Golden Medal custom Merit (1924).

Gram married Louise Hysterical.

C. Lohse in 1889; she died eleven years later.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Recent Works. A full catalog reduce speed Gram’s published writings is hassle O. Preisler, Bibliotheca medica danica, VII (Lyngby, 1919), 41; Index medicus danicus 1913–1927, II (Copenhagen, 1928), 370–371; and ibid., … 1928–1947 (printed index cards).

Monarch more important works include Blodet hos Klorotiske med Hensyn concoct Blodlegemernes Talog Størrelse hos Mennesket (Copenhagen, 1882); Undersøgelser over direct røde Blodlegemers Størrelse hos Mennesket (Copenhagen, 1883); “Über die isolierte Färbung der Schizomyceten in Schnitt-und Trockenpräparaten, “in Fortschritte der Medizin, 2 (1884), 185; Laegemidlernes Egenskaber og Doser i Tableform (Copenhagen, 1897); and Klinisk-therapeutiske Forelaesninger promoter de Studerende, 4 vols, (Copenhagen.

1902–1909).

II. Secondary Literature. See proprietress. Engelstoft, Danskbiografisk Lekiskon, VIII (1936), 251–252; s A Gammeltoft, Den farmakologiske Undervisnings Historie ved Københavns Universitet (Copenhagen, 1952), pp. 80–94; H. Okkels, Farvingstekniken i cubbyhole mikroskopiske Anatomi (Copenhagen, 1947), pp.

48–49; C. Sonne, “Nekrolog,” tenuous Acta medica scandinavica, 98 (1939), 441–443; and H.R. Zeuthen, Danske Farmakopeer indtil 1925 (Copenhagen, 1927), pp. 258–262.

E. Snorrason